Borneo Journal of Pharmascientech

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli

Fatimah Azzahra, Putri Vidiasari Darsono, Nur Hidayah, Dede Mahdiyah — Tue, 21 Apr 2026 21:51:53 +0700

Infectious diseases are health problems that can spread from one individual to another and are dangerous if not treated. One of the bacteria that causes disease is Escherichia coli. The high rate of irrational use of antibiotics is the cause of cases of antibiotic resistance. As an alternative option, use traditional medicine from plants, namely water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) which has secondary metabolite compounds that function as antibacterials. To determine the antibacterial effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) extract in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. Antibacterial activity used the well diffusion method and determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Kill Concentration using the liquid dilution method which was analyzed statistically by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis Test and Mann Whitney Test. Water hyacinth extract (Eichhornia crassipes) contains secondary metabolite compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids showing antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with an inhibitory zone diameter of 12.34 mm, MIC value at a concentration of 25% and does not have MBC. The results of statistical analysis show that there is a significant difference with a p value of 0.004 in Kruskal-Wallis and in Mann-Whitney it shows a p value of 0.025. Water hyacinth extract (Eichhornia crassipes) has an effect on Escherichia coli.

Masker Gel Peel-off Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica) dan Niacinamide: Formulasi, Efektivitas Antibakteri, Aktivitas Antioksidan, dan Iritabilitas

Tue, 21 Apr 2026 22:12:30 +0700

Acne is a skin disease caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus aureus. Pegagan leaves (Centella asiatica) are a natural ingredient that has antibacterial properties. This ingredient was combined with niacinamide as an antioxidant in a peel-off gel mask preparation to make it easier to use. This study aimed to determine the best peel-off gel mask formula for pegagan leaf extract and niacinamide based on the evaluation of characteristics and stability and antibacterial, antioxidant, and irritant effects on the skin. In this study, we used experimental methods. Pegagan leaf extract was varied in concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%. In the characteristic test, which included organoleptic tests, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, and pH value, we obtained the preparation results with good characteristics. The preparation has good physical stability but is not chemically stable, and it was tested using the freeze-thaw method. The results of the antioxidant test of the preparations in the three formulas showed weak antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀values of F1 228.54ppm, F2 147.22ppm, and F3 120.35ppm. The results of the antibacterial test showed that the preparations had more potential for Propionibacterium acne bacteria, with results of F1 15.43±1.52mm, F2 15.57±0.82mm, and F3 17.37±0.34mm. The three formulas found no irritation effects using the HET-CAM method. Based on the results of this study, the peel-off gel mask of pegagan leaf extract combined with niacinamide has the potential as an anti-acne preparation.

Formulasi Sediaan Shampoo Bar Ekstrak Daun Waru (Hibiscus tiliaceus L) dan Uji Aktivitas Antijamur terhadap Candida albicans

Nur Amanah, Dwi Retno Sari, Fawwaz Muhammad fauzi — Tue, 21 Apr 2026 21:55:47 +0700

Sensitive, oily, or dandruff-prone scalp conditions can cause discomfort and negatively affect hair health. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungus known to contribute to dandruff formation. Waru leaves (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) contain various bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, and tannins, which are reported to have antifungal properties. This study aimed to analyze the active compounds of waru leaf extract, evaluate the physical stability of a shampoo bar formulation, and assess its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. This research employed an experimental design, with extraction carried out using maceration in 96% ethanol. The obtained extract was formulated into shampoo bars at concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%. The formulations were evaluated for organoleptic properties, pH, foam height, and foam stability. Antifungal activity was tested using the disc diffusion method against Candida albicans, with three replications. A commercial shampoo bar (“x”) was used as the positive control, while the base formulation without active ingredients served as the negative control. The results showed that all formulations met the physical evaluation criteria, except for pH values which exceeded the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Antifungal testing revealed inhibition zones of 5.7 mm, 6.05 mm, and 6.85 mm for formulas I, II, and III, respectively, with the 9% formulation demonstrating the highest inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. In conclusion, waru leaf extract (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.) can be successfully formulated into a shampoo bar and exhibits antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with the 9% concentration showing the greatest effectiveness.

Identifikasi dan Analisis Galaktomanan dari Bungkil Sawit sebagai Bahan Baku Biomaterial dengan Metode FTIR dan NMR

Tue, 21 Apr 2026 22:09:03 +0700

Palm kernel meal contains polysaccharide compounds, including galactomannan, which is made up of galactose and mannose units. This study aims to extract and identify the structure of galactomannan from palm kernel meal using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Extraction was carried out using a hot water extraction method with a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:5 at 80°C for 60 minutes, followed by precipitation with 96% ethanol, subsequent freeze-drying, and followed by characterization through FTIR and NMR to confirm the presence of characteristic functional groups associated with galactomannan. The extraction yielded 0,77% then the FTIR spectrum revealed strong bands at 1065.67, 1032.65, and 1009.16 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of C–O and C–O–C stretching related to glycosidic bonds—key features of the galactomannan polysaccharide structure. The 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited a distinct signal for the anomeric proton in the range of approximately 5.0–5.4 ppm, with the protons from the C2–C6 positions appearing between 3.2 and 4.1 ppm. Additionally, the ¹³C-NMR spectrum displayed a peak for the anomeric carbon around 102–105 ppm, along with other ring carbon peaks in the range of 60–85 ppm, which align with the structure of galactomannan. These findings confirm that palm kernel meal holds promise as a source of galactomannan for developing polysaccharide-based biomaterials

Analisis Efektivitas-Biaya Antihipertensi Amlodipin Dibandingkan Candesartan Pada Pasien Stroke Iskemik Rawat Jalan di Rumah Sakit Surakarta

Rizkia Putri Lestari, Tri Murti Andayani , Ismi Rahmawati — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 22:37:28 +0700

Hypertension is one of the risk factor for ischemic stroke. Amlodipin and Candesartan are hypertensive therapies in stroke patients. The use of antihypertensive drugs requires long-term treatment, so it is necessary to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis to determine effective and efficient use of drugs. The purpose of this study is to find out the most cost-saving antihypertensive at Hospital Surakarta. The study was conducted retrospectively on outpatient ischemic stroke patients at the Surakarta Regional General Hospital for the periode 2023-2024. Sample number data used was 114 on ischemic stroke patients according to the inclusion criteria. Effectiveness is seen from the patient's blood pressure reaching the target and the cost is calculated from the provider's perspective, including direct medical costs. CEA is calculated based on the value of ACER and ICER. The results showed the effectiveness of Amlodipin 66,10% and Candesartan 54,55%. The average total cost of Amlodipin is Rp. 556,129 ± 208,187 and Rp. 620,436 ± 232,382 for Candesartan. The value of ACER for amlodipine was Rp. 8,413.44, while candesartan is Rp. 11,377.32. The calculation of the ICER value obtained a negative result Rp. 5,584. The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis showed that amlodipin is a cost-saving antihypertensive for outpatient ischemic stroke patients.

Formulasi Tablet Hisap Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Sarang Semut Asal Kalimantan Tengah

Fera Sartika, Rezqi Handayanai , Ade Catur Rahmawati — Tue, 28 Apr 2026 22:39:59 +0700

Central Kalimantan is one of the provinces in Indonesia that annually experiences haze disasters caused by forest and land fires, leading to significant negative health impacts, such as the prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI). One of the local community's efforts to manage ARI involves utilizing medicinal plants as traditional therapy, specifically the Sarang Semut tuber (Myrmecodia tuberosa Jack). According to previous studies, the ethanolic extract of Sarang Semut tuber contains secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, quinones, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative pharmaceutical formulation in the form of lozenges using the ethanolic extract of Sarang Semut tuber as the active ingredient. The lozenges were prepared using the wet granulation method, with a target tablet weight of 500 mg. The formulation varied the ratio of fillers, specifically mannitol-sucrose, across three formulas: F I (75:25), F II (50:50), dan F III (25:75). The tablets were evaluated through physical property tests, including organoleptic properties, weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of Sarang Semut tuber can be successfully formulated into lozenges with physical characteristics that meet evaluation standards, particularly Formula III. The resulting lozenges exhibited an optimal disintegration time ( 6,33 ± 0,46 second), low friability (0,99 ±0,00%),), and high hardness (2,092 ±0,27 kg). These findings suggest that Sarang Semut tuber ethanolic extract holds significant potential for further development into standardized traditional medicine.

Kuesioner Pengetahuan, Sikap, Dan Perilaku Masyarakat Tentang Interaksi Obat Dan Makanan-Minuman: Studi Validitas Dan Reliabilitas

Tue, 28 Apr 2026 22:50:50 +0700

Drug–food interactions may lead to significant health problems, such as increased drug toxicity or reduced therapeutic effectiveness. However, a validated questionnaire in the Indonesian language that comprehensively measures public knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding drug–food interactions is still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a questionnaire assessing public knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to drug–food interactions. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan. Inclusion criteria included patients aged ≥18 years with a history of medication use in the past three months. The questionnaire was adapted and modified from previous studies. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire covering the domains of knowledge, attitude and behaviour, using a dichotomous scale (Yes/No and Agree/Disagree). Each correct answer was scored as 1 and each incorrect answer as 0. The total score for each domain was calculated and categorised as high or low based on the median value. Validity testing was performed on 52 respondents using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while reliability testing was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha with SPSS software. Results: The final questionnaire consisted of 5 items in the knowledge domain, 6 items in the attitude domain, and 7 items in the practice domain. All items were found valid (r > 0.273). Cronbach’s alpha values for knowledge, attitude, and practice were 0.682, 0.743, and 0.635, respectively, indicating acceptable reliability. Conclusion: This questionnaire demonstrates good validity and reliability, making it suitable for assessing the public’s knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding drug-food and drug-beverage interactions.

Cost Analysis Pasien Chronic Kidney Diseases di Instalasi Rawat Inap RS Soerojo Magelang

Widarika Santi Hapsari, Nurfina Dian Kartikawati, Wahid Sabaan — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 06:11:35 +0700

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health problem with rapidly increasing prevalence and high treatment costs. In developing countries, CKD management is more complex due to the influence of socioeconomic factors and underlying comorbidities. This study aims to obtain an overview of treatment costs and analyze the influence of patient characteristics, comorbidities, and length of stay on direct medical costs for CKD patients at Soerojo Hospital. This study was retrospective using data from CKD patients undergoing inpatient hemodialysis in 2024. Data collected included patient characteristics and direct medical costs. Data analysis was performed descriptively and inferentially using normality tests followed by non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney) to examine cost differences between groups. A total of 87 patients participated in this study. The majority of patients were male (57.74%) and aged ≥60 years (42.53%). Patients with stage 5 CKD dominated (87.36%), most of whom had 1–3 comorbidities (56.32%) with a length of stay ≤5 days (60.92%). The highest direct medical costs were found in patients with stage 5 CKD, especially in the cost of procedures (Rp13,422,222 ± 11,203,121). In general, the cost of procedures was the largest expenditure component. Based on statistical analysis, the variables of the number of comorbidities and length of hospitalization showed a significant relationship (p<.05) with the total cost of care for CKD patients. This study concluded that high clinical complexity due to comorbidities and long LOS were the main predictors of increased direct medical costs.

Pengaruh Aplikasi Program Pill Time terhadap Tingkat Kepatuhan Pasien Hipertensi di Kelurahan Loktabat Selatan Banjarbaru

Wed, 29 Apr 2026 06:17:30 +0700

One of the diseases experienced by people throughout the region is hypertension. The increase in cases of hypertension is one of the causes of premature death worldwide. Patient compliance in consuming medication can affect the success of hypertension therapy, so appropriate intervention is needed as a recommendation for further therapy to control blood pressure and prevent complications by using appropriate media, easy to use and can be accessed anytime and anywhere using the Pill Time Program Application technology. The of this study was to determine the effect of the Pill Time program application on increasing medication adherence in hypertension patients in South Loktabat Village. This study used a pre-experimental method with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. 99 respondents were selected using simple random sampling. The research data were then analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The results of the analysis show that the Pill Time program application has an influence on medication adherence in hypertension patients with a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05.

Analisis Senyawa Minyak Atsiri Pada Daun Segar Dan Layu Tanaman Binjai (Mangifera Caesia) Secara Hs-Gc-Ms

Eka Fitri Susiani, Putri Indah Sayakti, Hafiz Ramadhan — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Permintaan terhadap minyak atsiri terus meningkat setiap tahun sejalan dengan kemajuan industry modern di bidang kosmetik, pangan, farmaso, parfum, hingga aromaterapi. Minyak atsiri diperoleh dari tanaman beraroma yang salah satunya dapat berasal dari genus Mangifera. Salah satu spesies Mangifera yang merupakan tanaman endemic Kalimantan yang perlu dieksplorasi komponen minyak atsirinya adalah Binjai (Mangifera caesia). Riset ini dilaksanakan guna mengidentifikasi profil senyawa minyak atsiri pada daun binjai, baik dalam keadaan segar maupun yang telah layu. Metode analisis menggunakan Headspace Gas Chromatography Mass Spektrofotometry (HS-GC-MS) yang memungkinkan analisis senyawa volatile pada pelarut yang bersifat polar. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada sampel daun segar terdapat 6 senyawa minyak atsiri dengan tiga konstituen utama yaitu Benzoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy- (44,68%), 4,6-Heptadiyn-3-one (30,84%), serta 5-Heptenal, 2,6-dimethyl- (17,66%). Sementara itu, pada sampel daun yang layu ditemukan 4 senyawa dengan tiga komponen dominan berupa 6-Hepten-3-one, 5-hydroxy-4-methyl- (24,5%), Benzoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy (22,67%), dan (1-Ethyl-2-methylpropyl)methylamine (15,73%). Hasil ini mengindikasikan adanya variasi kompisisi senyawa minyak atsiri pada daun binjai tergantung pada kondisi kesegaran bahan bakuny

Formulasi Sediaan Lip Balm Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) Dan Madu (Mel depuratum) Sebagai Antioksidan Alami

Wed, 29 Apr 2026 06:25:16 +0700

Kecombrang flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) contains flavonoids and anthocyanins that have potential as antioxidants and natural colorants, and honey (Mel depuratum) has humectant, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aims to formulate, evaluate the physical stability and test the antioxidant activity of lip balm preparations combined with kecombrang flower extract and honey. This type of research is experimental with a formulation design of three variations in the concentration of a combination of ethanol extracts of kecombrang flowers 10%, 15%, 20% and honey as much as 6%. Physical stability test was conducted through cycling test method and storage at room temperature, including organoleptic observation, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, melting point, and humidity. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method which was measured using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method and the positive control was vitamin C. The results showed that all lip balm preparations met the physical quality requirements that were stable in storage and cycling tests. F0 has an IC50 value of 95.5 μg/mL in the medium category, F1 (10:6) with an IC50 value of 25.88 μg/mL, F2 (15:6) with an IC50 value of 20.79 μg/mL, and F3 (20:6) with an IC50 value of 17.83 μg/mL. The IC50 results of formulas F1, F2 and F3 are in the very strong category, with moisture reaching 82.5%.The combination of kecombrang flower extract and honey can be effectively formulated into a lip balm with stable physical quality and strong antioxidant activity. Further research can be conducted on pharmacological and toxicity tests of the preparation.

Hubungan Behavior Change Technique (BCT) Dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Pada Pasien Hipertensi Di Klinik Jelita Banjarmasin

Sari Wahyunita, Guntur Kurniawan , Tri Yusna Sari , Muhammad Ihsan Rosyad — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high prevalence and requires long-term medication adherence to maintain controlled blood pressure. However, patient adherence levels remain low. Behavior Change Technique (BCT) is used as a behavioral change approach to improve medication adherence. This study aims to determine the level of medication adherence among hypertensive patients, the implementation of BCT, and the relationship between BCT and medication adherence at Jelita Clinic Banjarmasin. The design cross sectional, with a sample of 33 uncontrolled hypertensive patients. The research instruments included the MMAS-8 questionnaire to assess adherence and the Taxonomy v1 questionnaire for BCT intervention. Data were analyzed using the korelasi test. The results in the m adherence improved to 67% in the moderate category and 33% in the low category. In addition, hypertension classification showed improvement after the intervention. The korelasi test obtained a value of r = 0.485 with p = 0.004, indicating a significant and moderately strong relationship between BCT and medication adherence. It can be concluded that the Behavior Change Technique (BCT) is effective in improving patients' adherence to antihypertensive medication and contributes to better blood pressure control.

Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Formulasi Gel Topikal Ekstrak Akar Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Terhadap Propionibacterium acnes

Hana Nurhasanah, Tresna Lestaria, Ira Rahmiyani, Dewi Peti Virgianti — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 06:32:24 +0700

Acne is a common inflammatory skin disorder affecting both adolescents and adults, primarily caused by the colonization of Propionibacterium acnes, which induces skin inflammation. The development of natural-based anti-acne agents may offer a safer alternative to synthetic drugs. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (bangle rhizome) contains flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and essential oils known for their strong antibacterial properties. Aim: this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Z. cassumunar rhizome extracts against P. acnes and to formulate a topical anti-acne gel. Method: extraction was conducted using successive maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disk diffusion method, and gels containing n-hexane extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% were evaluated for their physical quality. Results: the n-hexane extract exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, producing an inhibition zone of 7.56 ± 0.11 mm. The 15% extract gel (F3) showed the strongest antibacterial effect (9.26 ± 0.08 mm) and met all physical quality requirements. Conclusion: these findings indicate that the n-hexane extract gel of Z. cassumunar rhizome possesses promising potential as a natural topical formulation for treating acne caused by P. acnes.

Formulation And Physical Evaluation Of Effervescent Granules Containing 70% Ethanol Extract Of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria Ternatea L.)

Muhammad Sulaiman , Abdurrahman Abdurrahman, Fairuz Yaumi Afra — Wed, 29 Apr 2026 06:28:49 +0700

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a plant commonly found in Indonesia, known to possess bioactive antioxidant properties with an Inhibitory Concentration (IC₅₀) value of 41.36 ppm. Based on this, the ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower has the potential to be formulated into effervescent granules using various concentrations of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate. This study aims to determine the effect of different concentrations of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate on the physical properties of the effervescent granules and to identify the optimal formula based on the evaluation results. The effervescent granules were formulated into four different formulas using the butterfly pea flower extract as the active ingredient and were evaluated through various physical tests. Based on organoleptic tests, all formulas exhibited a slightly sour taste, a greenish- brown color, and a distinctive butterfly pea aroma. The results of the physical evaluations showed that the compressibility index ranged from 9.41%-21.88%, flow time from 2.47-3.59 seconds, angle of repose from 29.78°-35.53°, dissolution time from 3.48-5.55 minutes, and pH values from 4.66-5.65. Based on these evaluations, it can be concluded that the variation in the concentrations of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate affects the physical characteristics of the granules. Among the tested formulas, Formula 2 demonstrated the most favorable and optimal physical characteristics compared to the others.

Formulasi Sediaan Masker Stick Clay Dengan Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lamk) Dan Daun Sagu (Metroxylon Sagu Rottb) Serta Aktivitas Antioksidan

Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:47:35 +0700

Antioxidants are beneficial for skin health, and they help to neutralize free radicals. These antioxidants are present in various plants, including Moringa and sago leaves. To enable easier application, these antioxidant properties are incorporated into cosmetic products, such as stick clay masks. The purpose of this research is to assess the formula's stability and the antioxidant effectiveness of stick clay mask formulations that combine extracts from Moringa and sago leaves. The study utilized a laboratory experimental design, and the samples were collected from Wolulu Village, Watubangga District, Southeast Sulawesi.. Stick clay mask containing extracts of sago and moringa leaves at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% concentrations. The formulation underwent a stability test, and the IC50 value was used to determine the antioxidant activity test using DPPH methods. In addition to having antioxidant activity at F0 263.51 µg/mL in the weak category, Formula FI 73.80 µg/mL in the strong category, F II 54.74 µg/mL in the strong category, and F III 30.11 µg/mL in the very strong category, the results of the stability test of the Stick clay mask have satisfied the requirements, which include organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, adhesion test, and drying time test.

Biomedicine Potential of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Leaves: In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Antioxidant Activities

Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:51:57 +0700

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) leaves possess diverse pharmacological properties with promising development potential, particularly as antibiofilm and antioxidant agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities of E. guineensis leaf extract. The leaves were macerated in acetone for five days. Antibacterial activity was determined using the disc diffusion method against four bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition observed against P. acnes (6.79 mm at 25%). Antibiofilm activity was evaluated using a microdilution method, showing concentration-dependent inhibition, with the highest activity at 1% concentration, reaching 83.90% (mid-phase, S. aureus) and 71.28% (E. coli). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays, yielding IC₅₀ values of 99.19 ppm, 119.12 ppm, and 123.37 ppm, respectively, indicating moderate antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ > 50-150 ppm). Overall, E. guineensis leaf extract demonstrates moderate antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antioxidant activities, suggesting its potential as a preliminary candidate for further pharmacological investigation.

Interaksi Antara Ekstrak Clitoria ternatea L Dan Antibiotik Pada Aktivitas Antibakteri Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus

Yumna Hanum Nabila Wanda, Citra Destya Rahma Putri, Rio Risandiansyah — Thu, 30 Apr 2026 16:54:33 +0700

Antibiotic combination is a strategy to enhance antibacterial effectiveness by acting on different cellular targets. The utilization of natural ingredients as adjuvants also has the potential to improve antimicrobial responses. Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is known to contain antibacterial compounds that can potentiate antibiotic activity. Research regarding the interaction of Clitoria ternatea extracts with antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus remains limited; therefore, this study aims to evaluate the interaction patterns of these combinations. Clitoria ternatea L. simplicia was macerated using three solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Antibacterial testing was conducted based on the Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) using the Ameri-Ziaei Double Antibiotic Synergism Test (AZDAST) method, which is suitable as an initial screening method for antimicrobial interactions. Extracts were tested at a concentration of 50% (500,000 ppm), with the inoculum standardized to 0.5 McFarland, and each treatment was replicated 3×2 times. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA or non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis) depending on the data distribution, followed by appropriate post hoc tests (Tukey, Games-Howell, or Mann-Whitney). The significance level was set at p < 0,05, and the type of interaction was determined based on AZDAST interpretation criteria (synergistic, additive, antagonistic, or not distinguishable). The results showed that the combination of ethanol extract and amoxicillin produced an additive effect (55.06 ± 1.68 mm), The combination of ethyl acetate extract with amoxicillin (52.38 ± 2.60 mm). n-hexane extract with amoxicillin (52.60 ± 3.99 mm), and all extract combinations with tetracycline (37.76-42.70 mm) yielded results that were not distinguishable compared to either single antibiotics or their double doses. It can be concluded that the combination of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts with amoxicillin can enhance antibacterial activity compared to single treatments by providing an additive effect. Meanwhile, the combinations of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts with tetracycline, as well as the combinations of n-hexane extract with both amoxicillin and tetracycline, showed no significant difference (not distinguishable).