Borneo Journal of Pharmascientech

Analisis Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Interaksi Obat Pada Aterosklerosis Di RSUD Provinsi NTB

2026-10-21T21:19:43+07:00

Atherosclerosis is a serious condition characterized by the buildup of plaque on artery walls, causing them to narrow and harden, which can impede the flow of oxygen-rich blood throughout the body, leading to heart disease, stroke, or peripheral vascular disease. In the management of atherosclerosis, therapy more than 5 is usually given; this can increase the risk of drug interactions that are often overlooked. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence drug interactions. The inclusion criteria for this study were patients diagnosed with atherosclerosis in inpatients and outpatients, receiving therapy for≥5, aged 18-65 years, and willing to participate as research respondents. The exclusion criteria were receiving therapy <5 and patients refusing to be respondents. Data on patient characteristics, therapy, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and drug interaction events were described descriptively. Data analysis used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The study included 191 patients, predominantly male (54.4%), with comorbidities (65%), anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy (27.7%), with ADRs of aspirin and clopidogrel in 28 cases and warfarin in 33 cases, and moderate drug interactions (53.4%). The study concluded that demographic factors such as age, gender, therapy, comorbidities, number of medications, and ADRs significantly influenced drug interactions (p=0.000). This suggests that many demographic factors influence the incidence of drug interactions. The clinical implications of this study are that it can serve as input for comprehensive management guidelines, which can be used to address frequently overlooked drug interactions and achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes.

Determinan Penggunaan e-Health sebagai Sumber Informasi Swamedikasi pada Masyarakat Kota Banjarbaru Pendekatan UTAUT

2026-10-21T21:19:55+07:00

Self-medication requires accurate drug information to ensure its safe and appropriate use. e-Health has the potential to meet this need; however, its adoption among the public remains variable, highlighting the importance of examining the factors influencing its adoption. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of e-Health adoption as a source of self-medication information among the community in Banjarbaru City using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. This cross-sectional analytical study involved 229 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected from July to August 2026 using an online questionnaire based on six UTAUT constructs and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The results showed that performance expectancy (p = 0.003) and social influence (p < 0.001) had significant positive effects on behavioral intention to use e-Health, whereas effort expectancy had no significant effect (p = 0.078). Facilitating conditions and behavioral intention significantly influenced use behavior (p < 0.001). The model explained 72.8% of the variance in behavioral intention and 77.6% of the variance in use behavior. Social influence was the strongest determinant of behavioral intention, while behavioral intention was the strongest predictor of use behavior. The study concluded that performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and behavioral intention are key determinants of e-Health adoption as a source of self-medication information. Strengthening these factors may enhance the adoption and utilization of e-Health among the community.

Prediktor terhadap Tingkat Keparahan Depresi pada Populasi Dewasa: Studi Potong Lintang Multisenter

2026-10-21T21:20:00+07:00

Demographic characteristics, a history of violence, and stigma warrant consideration when examining depression severity in adult patients. Their associations require investigation among outpatients diagnosed with depression. To analyze the associations of demographic and psychosocial factors with depression severity in adult patients. Method: This study employed a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, Pearson correlation tests, and multiple linear regression analysis. A total of 223 participants were included in this study. The mean PHQ-9 score was 9.8 ± 3.2. Bivariate analysis demonstrated a significant difference in depression scores based on sex. Multivariate analysis revealed that female sex (β = 1.27; p = 0.007), history of violence (β = 1.63; p < 0.001), and stigma (β = 1.37; p = 0.002) were significantly associated with higher PHQ-9 scores. Age, employment status, and marital status were not significantly associated with depression severity. Conclusion: Psychosocial factors, particularly a history of violence and stigma, play an important role in the severity of depression among adults. These findings highlight the importance of comprehensive approaches to depression prevention and management that take both demographic and psychosocial factors into account.

The Antihypertriglyceridemic Effects of Ethanol Extract of Gegarang Leaves (Mentha piperita L.) in an Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model

2026-10-21T21:19:56+07:00

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is often accompanied by diabetic dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated triglyceride levels that increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. This study aimed to analyze the antihypertriglyceridemic effect of ethanolic extract of gegarang leaves (Mentha piperita L.) on triglyceride levels in alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic rats using various dose variations. This laboratory experimental study used a randomized controlled trial design involving 24 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) randomly divided into six groups (n=4): a normal group, a negative control (alloxan), a positive control (alloxan + fenofibrate), and three treatment groups receiving extract doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kgBW. Diabetes was induced through a high-fat diet combined with alloxan 300 mg/kgBW, followed by oral administration of the ethanolic extract for 16 days. Triglyceride levels were measured spectrophotometrically before and after intervention and analyzed using One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey's HSD tests. The results showed that all treatment groups exhibited a decrease in triglyceride levels after intervention. It can be concluded that ethanolic extract of gegarang leaves (Mentha piperita L.) exhibits an antihypertriglyceridemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Anticancer Activity of Ethanol Extract of Begonia willemii Endemic to Central Sulawesi In Vivo in Rat Model of Induced Cervical Cancer

2026-10-21T21:19:57+07:00

Cervical Cervical cancer is a global health problem that remains a major cause of death in women. The importance of developing alternative anticancer agents from safer natural ingredients. Begonia willemii is an endemic plant of Central Sulawesi which is reported to contain secondary metabolites that have the potential to be anticancer. This study aims to test the anticancer activity of ethanol extract of B. willemii against cervical cancer in female white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by DMBA (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) 20 mg/kgBW. B. willemii extract was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol. Twenty test animals were divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, positive control (cisplatin 5 mg/kgBW), and three treatment groups of B. willemii extract with doses of 100, 150, 200 mg/kgBW. Observations were made through Pap smear examination and histopathology of cervical tissue with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. The results of the study showed that B. willemii extract has anticancer activity characterized by improvements in cervical tissue morphology and inhibition of abnormal epithelial cell proliferation, with an optimum dose of 100 mg/kgBW. Based on these findings, the ethanol extract of Begonia willemii has the potential as a candidate for a natural-based cervical anticancer agent.

Analisis Kualitatif Dan Penetapan Kadar Senyawa Fenolik Total Pada Ekstrak Etanol Jamu Godog Tradisional

2026-10-21T21:19:53+07:00

Herbal medicine is a traditional medicine consisting of plants, animals, minerals that have been used for generations for the treatment of the community. This study used traditional boiled herbal medicine consisting of a combination of herbal plants such as Chinese teak leaves, Dutch teak leaves, turmeric, tempuyung, temulawak, green tea and meniran. In the herbal medicine there is green tea which contains phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds themselves have a role in health, namely as antioxidants and treating common diseases in humans. This study was conducted to determine the content and levels of total phenolic compounds using laboratory experimental testing. The ethanol extract of traditional boiled herbal medicine was tested by phytochemical screening, Thin Layer Chromatography and UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. This research aims to identify and quantify phenolic compounds in the ethanol extract of the traditional jamu decoction. Based on the results of phytochemical screening, thin-layer chromatography testing, and UV-VIS spectrophotometry, the extract was shown to contain phenolic compounds with high levels, indicating strong antioxidant activity potential, with a total phenol content of 1.242,22 mg GAE/gram.

Analisis Pengaruh Pemberian Antianemia Pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronis Yang Menjalani Hemodialisa Di RSUD Provinsi NTB

2026-10-21T21:19:51+07:00

Chronic kidney disease frequently leads to anemia, affecting up to 80–90% of patients, particularly those undergoing hemodialysis, as it contributes to reduced quality of life. In West Nusa Tenggara Province, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease accounts for 0.4% of national cases. This study aimed to analyze the effect of anti-anemia therapy on hemoglobin levels and quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients at NTB Provincial Hospital. The study used a prospective cross-sectional design based on hemodialysis patient medical records from 2025. Inclusion criteria included patients aged ≥18 years who had undergone routine hemodialysis for at least three months, received anti-anemia therapy, and had available hemoglobin laboratory results. Exclusion criteria were incomplete medical records or deteriorating clinical conditions. Subjects were divided into two groups: Erythropoietin monotherapy and a combination of Erythropoietin with iron/folic acid. Hemoglobin levels were measured before and after therapy using the Wilcoxon test, while quality of life was assessed using the validated SF-36 questionnaire and analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed a significant increase in hemoglobin levels in both groups (p < 0.05), with a higher mean increase observed in the combination therapy group (2.2229 g/L). Additionally, the combination group demonstrated better quality of life scores, particularly in physical functioning, vitality, and social functioning. In conclusion, combination therapy with ESA and iron/folic acid is more effective in improving hemoglobin levels and enhancing the quality of life of chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Analisis Potensi Interaksi Obat Gangguan Lambung Yang Diresepkan Pada Pasien Klinik Dr. Stefand Bekasi

2026-10-21T21:19:52+07:00

Incomplete treatment in patients with gastric disorders, particularly those with comorbidities, may lead to an increase in the number of prescribed medications and a higher risk of drug interactions. Data from Dr. Stefand Clinic in Bekasi indicate that 15% of patients with gastric disorders and comorbidities returned for follow-up treatment within a short period due to incomplete initial therapy. Additionally, 10% of such patients had previously sought treatment at other healthcare facilities before returning to Dr. Stefand Clinic for the same reason. This situation results in an increased number of prescribed medications, often reaching five or more drugs (polypharmacy), thereby raising the potential for drug–drug interactions. This study aims to analyze the potential for drug interactions among patients with gastric disorders at Dr. Stefand Clinic, Bekasi, as part of an effort to promote rational prescribing practices and prevent adverse outcomes from harmful drug interactions. This research is a non-experimental descriptive research using simple random sampling method with retrospective data collection technique. Data analysis used databases www.drugs.com and go.drugbank.com. Data collection was carried out by tracing 366 medical records of patients with gastric disorders and their comorbidities for the period January-December 2021. The results of the study found that there were 361 drug interactions from 366 samples. The most widely used gastric disorders drugs were the proton pump inhibitors class (74,46%), namely Omeprazole (44,72%) and Lansoprazole (29,74%). Single-drug gastric disorders (77,05%) are more prescribed than combination drugs (22,95%) for gastric disorders. The drug interactions between Omeprazole and Cyanocobalamin are 9,57%, with minor severity and pharmacokinetic mechanisms in the absorption phase. In terms of severity, it was found to be ringan, 54,15%, sedang, 42,66%, and berat, 3,19%. The most common drug interaction mechanism is pharmacokinetics, which is 92,72%, with an absorption phase of 27,96%, a metabolism phase of 66,25%, and an excretion phase of 5,79%. There is a significant relationship between the number of drugs prescribed and the number of potential drug interactions (r : 0,571; nilai p 0,000). There is a significant relationship between the number of comorbidities and the number of potential drug interactions (r : 0,767; Nilai p 0,000).

Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Kulit Buah Langsat (Lansium domesticum Corr) Secara In Vivo

2026-10-21T21:19:47+07:00

The langsat plant (Lansium domesticum Corr) has long been utilized in herbal therapy in Indonesia. Langsat fruit peel extract contains secondary metabolites—such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids—that possess anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of langsat fruit peel extract and determine the most effective concentration for alleviating inflammation. A true experimental approach was employed using a pretest-posttest control group design. The experiment involved 25 male mice randomly assigned to five treatment groups: a positive control (2.5% hydrocortisone cream), a negative control (white petrolatum), and groups treated topically with langsat fruit peel extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 40%. The research stages included extraction, phytochemical screening, preparation of test animals, and anti-inflammatory activity testing via 1% carrageenan induction. Data on the percentage of inflammation inhibition were statistically analyzed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. The langsat fruit peel extract was found to contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins, and alkaloids. The positive control group exhibited the highest level of inflammation inhibition; among the extract treatment groups, the 40% concentration showed the most optimal average inhibition percentage—approaching that of the positive control—followed by the 20% and 10% extracts. These findings indicate that higher extract concentrations yield more optimal anti-inflammatory effects; consequently, the results demonstrate that the 40% langsat fruit peel extract possesses the most optimal anti-inflammatory activity among the tested extract groups

Perbandingan Biaya Riil Obat Terhadap Tarif INA-CBGs dan Klaim Obat Kronis Pasien Skizofrenia Rawat Jalan dengan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Rumah Sakit Jiwa Sambang Lihum Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan

2026-10-21T21:19:44+07:00

The prevalence of schizophrenia in South Kalimantan Province was documented at 0.35%; however, treatment coverage through the National Health Insurance (JKN) only reached 62% of the total patient population. JKN financing for hospital payments utilizes the INA-CBG's claim method and chronic claims. Discrepancies frequently arise between the Hospital's actual cost and the combined claim rate. Consequently, this study aims to determine the magnitude of the difference between the hospital's actual cost and the INA-CBGs and chronic drug claim rates, as well as to identify the factors contributing to this difference, specifically for outpatient schizophrenia patients covered by national health insurance at Sambang Lihum Mental Hospital. This research employed a retrospective, non-experimental descriptive design, analyzing a sample of 3,797 outpatient medical record data from January to June 2024. The study findings indicate a negative difference of IDR 99,743,262 between the INA-CBGs tariff and the hospital's actual cost, and a negative difference of IDR 521,283,120 between the chronic drug claim rate and the hospital's actual chronic drug cost. Conversely, there was a positive difference of IDR 468,487,716.00 in the total cost of the combined claim rate compared to the hospital's actual chronic drug cost. The influencing factors identified include: the difference in unit price reference between the actual price and the chronic claim price in the Online Pharmacy application; the volume of prescribed drugs exceeding the prescription stipulated in the Online Pharmacy application; the disparity between the prescription contents listed in the National Formulary and those in the Online Pharmacy application; and the exclusion of some prescribed drugs from the chronic drug category, resulting in their financing reimbursement being solely sourced from the INA-CBGs tariff claim. The Wilcoxon test results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the actual rate and the combined claim rate for outpatient schizophrenia patients with JKN at Sambang Lihum Mental Hospital.

Perbandingan Karakteristik Fisik Dan Hedonik Sediaan Salep Dan Gel Fraksi Etanol Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura L.)

2026-10-21T21:19:46+07:00

Muntingia calabura L. is a medicinal plant containing bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which may contribute to wound healing. Developing M. calabura leaf extract into topical dosage forms, such as gels and ointments, may improve ease of application and user acceptability. This study aimed to compare the physical characteristics and panelists' preferences for gel and ointment formulations containing 5% ethanolic leaf fraction of M. calabura L., a concentration selected based on its potential wound-healing efficacy. Physical characterization included organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, spreadability, pH, adhesion, and viscosity tests. Hedonic evaluation was conducted using a five-point scale ranging from strongly dislike to strongly like. The results indicated that both formulations exhibited relatively similar physical characteristics and met most of the evaluated quality parameters. However, the spreadability values of both formulations were below 5, indicating that they did not meet the spreadability criterion applied in this study. Based on the hedonic evaluation, the ointment formulation received higher ratings for aroma and visual appearance, whereas the gel formulation received higher ratings for color and texture. These findings indicate that the two topical formulations have broadly comparable physical characteristics but differ in panelists' preferences. The results may inform the selection of an appropriate topical dosage form containing M. calabura L. leaf fraction, while highlighting the need to improve spreadability and user acceptability.

Skrining Fitokimia dan Evaluasi Aktivitas Antibakteri Fraksi Daun Tenggulun (Protium javanicum Burm. fil.) terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

2026-10-21T21:19:41+07:00

Protium javanicum Burm.f. (tenggulun) leaves have potential as a source of natural antibacterial agents due to their diverse secondary metabolites. This study aimed to screen the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate, tert-butanol, and aqueous fractions of P. javanicum leaves against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The leaves were extracted using methanol and subsequently fractionated sequentially with ethyl acetate, tert-butanol, and aquadest. Phytochemical screening was performed to identify secondary metabolites, while antibacterial activity was evaluated using microdilution and disk diffusion methods. The ethyl acetate fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and saponins; the tert-butanol fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins; whereas the aqueous fraction contained tannins and saponins. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the better relative activity against E. coli and S. aureus, with IC₅₀ values of 356.35 and 404.78 µg/mL, respectively. All fractions exhibited very weak antibacterial activity (IC₅₀ ≥200 µg/mL). In the disk diffusion assay, only the ethyl acetate fraction inhibited E. coli, producing a 1.66 mm inhibition zone at 1000 µg/mL, while no inhibition was observed against S. aureus. These findings indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited relatively better antibacterial activity and warrants further investigation through isolation and identification of its active compounds.

Hubungan Tingkat Keparahan Efek Samping Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT) Dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat Pada Pasien Tb Paru Di Puskesmas Tumbang Sangai

2026-10-21T21:19:35+07:00

Tuberculosis (TB) requires regular treatment over an extended period. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATDs) may pose challenges during therapy; therefore, patient monitoring and counseling are essential. This study aimed to analyze the association between the severity of ATD adverse effects and medication adherence among patients with pulmonary TB at Tumbang Sangai Primary Health Center. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 32 patients were recruited using accidental sampling. Questionnaires assessing TB drug adverse effects and medication adherence were utilized as research instruments. The results showed that 26 patients (81.3%) experienced severe adverse effects, 3 (9.4%) experienced moderate adverse effects, and 3 (9.4%) experienced mild adverse effects. Regarding medication adherence, 24 patients (75.0%) were classified as adherent, while 8 (25.0%) were classified as non-adherent. Notably, 81.3% of patients experienced severe adverse effects, although the overall medication adherence rate was 75.0%. Statistical analysis using the Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test revealed a significant association between ATD adverse effects and medication adherence (p = 0.035; p < 0.05). In conclusion, a significant association was found between ATD adverse effects and medication adherence among patients with pulmonary TB at Tumbang Sangai Primary Health Center.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sediaan Masker Gel Peel Off Ekstrak Etanol 96% Daun Rambusa (Passiflora Foetida L.)

2026-10-21T21:19:38+07:00

The 96% ethanol extract of rambusa leaves (Passiflora foetida L.) exhibited a potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 93.269 µg/mL, qualifying it as a suitable active ingredient for cosmetic preparations, such as a peel off gel mask. The key components influencing the mask characteristics are the gelling agent and the film forming agent, where their type and concentration significantly affect the stability and physical properties of the formulation. This study aimed to determine the effect of different types and concentrations of gelling and film-forming agents on the evaluation results of the rambusa leaf ethanol extract peel off gel mask preparation, observed through stability testing, to obtain an optimal formula. The rambusa leaves extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent. Six gel formulas were prepared with variations in the type and concentration of gelling and film-forming agents: F1 (PVA 10%), F2 (PVA 12%), F3 (HPMC 2.5%), F4 (HPMC 3%), F5 (PVA 14%, HPMC 3%), and F6 (PVA 16%, HPMC 4%). The evaluation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, spreadability tests, adhesiveness tests, drying time tests, pH tests, viscosity tests, stability tests, then analyzed statistically using One-Way ANOVA. The results of the physical evaluation of F1-F6 showed that the preparations had stable homogeneity. Preparations with high concentrations will increase viscosity which makes the spreadability decrease but the adhesiveness will be longer. Formulas with PVA bases have a faster drying time than HPMC. The resulting pH is stable on all F1-F6 bases. It can be concluded that differences in the type and concentration of gelling agents can affect the results of organoleptic evaluation, spreadability, adhesiveness, drying time, viscosity, and stability of the preparation both before and after stability. The optimal formula obtained was F2 because it had good homogeneity, spreadability, adhesiveness, drying time, pH, viscosity, and stability. F3-F4 obtained the hedonic category with the highest percentage, namely 89% (very like).

Hubungan Tingkat Adherensi Terhadap Kadar HbA1c Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

2026-10-21T21:19:40+07:00

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that requires long term therapy. This can lead to complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Complications can be avoided by regulating blood sugar levels through various pharmacological and non pharmacological activities. Compliance with the medication use is one of the most crucial aspects in achieving the desired treatment results. As a measuring tool to evaluate the level of adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, the Probabilistic Medication Adherence Scale (ProMAS)questionnaire was used. This tudy aims to evaluate the relationship between adherence levels and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study utilized a cross sectional desain analysis approach. Sampling was carried out using a purposive. The total sample used in this study was 35 respondents. Compliance assessment data will be processed using univariate tests and pearson chi square. From the research conducted on 35 respondents, it was found that there were 9 people (25.71%) in the low compliance category, 4 people (11.43%) with medium-low compliance, 14 people (40%) with medium-high compliance, and there wewe 8 people (22.86%) with high compliance. From the analysis conducted on the chi square tests to assess the relationship between respondent characteristics and compliance, it showed no significant relationship between the two variables (p-value > 0,05). Meanwhile, in the analysis of the relationship between compliance and HbA1c levels, a p-value of 0,003 was obtained, indicating a significant relationship between the two variables. Compliance with treatment affects HbA1c levels.

Bakteri Kontaminan Lingkungan di Ruang Bedah dan Rawat Inap Obstetri Ginekologi di Salah Satu Rumah Sakit Swasta Purwokerto

2026-10-21T21:19:36+07:00

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The hospital environment acts as a reservoir of microorganisms that potentially increase the risk of SSIs. This study aims to map the types of environmental contaminating bacteria and their sensitivity patterns to prophylactic antibiotics in surgical and obstetric-gynecological inpatient rooms. This study is descriptive, using a cross-sectional design and purposive sampling. Samples were collected as surface swabs from areas frequently touched by hands, including tables, computers, patient beds, door handles, and medical equipment in surgical and obstetric-gynecological inpatient rooms. Bacterial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing were performed using the VITEK Compact 2 automated system using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results showed growth of Sphingomonas paucimobilis in most environmental samples and of Vibrio vulnificus in one sample from the operating room. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed high resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, namely ceftazidime and ceftriaxone, with sensitivity rates of 0%. Several other antibiotics still showed high sensitivity, but are not recommended as surgical prophylactic antibiotics. This study concludes that the operating room environment and obstetrics and gynecology inpatient care have the potential to serve as reservoirs of resistant bacteria with poor sensitivity to commonly used prophylactic antibiotics. These findings emphasize the importance of routine monitoring of environmental bacteria and evaluation of prophylactic antibiotic policies as part of efforts to prevent nosocomial infections and control antibiotic resistance.

Analisis Reaksi Obat Tidak Diinginkan Yang Terkait Dengan Interaksi Obat Pada Pasien Yang Dirawat Dengan Amlodipin

2026-10-21T21:19:33+07:00

Drug interactions may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly in patients with hypertension and comorbidities who receive multiple medications concomitantly. This study aimed to identify suspected ADRs associated with drug interactions in patients receiving amlodipine and to assess causality using the Naranjo Algorithm. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design and a prospective approach conducted among patients with hypertension at a hospital in Palu, Indonesia, from October to December 2023. Data were collected through patient interviews and medical record reviews, analyzed descriptively, and assessed using the Naranjo Algorithm. Among the 50 patients studied, four (8%) experienced suspected ADRs associated with the concomitant use of amlodipine and other medications. Three of the 39 patients receiving simvastatin (7.69%) reported muscle pain and weakness, whereas one of the eight patients receiving metformin (12.50%) experienced hypoglycemia, with a random blood glucose level of 37 mg/dL. The Naranjo Algorithm yielded a score of +5 for the cases involving simvastatin and +6 for the case involving metformin, both of which were classified as probable. These findings highlight the importance of clinical monitoring and medication review in patients receiving amlodipine concomitantly with other medications. However, the causal relationship between the drug interactions and the observed clinical manifestations should be interpreted cautiously.